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Virgilio Piñera Llera (Cárdenas, Cuba, August 4, 1912 – Havana, October 18, 1979) was a Cuban author, playwright, poet, short-story writer, and essayist. Among his most famous poems are "La isla en peso" (1943), and "La gran puta" (1960). He was a member of the "Origenes" literary group, although he often differed with the conservative views of the group. In the late 1950s he co-founded the literary journal ''Ciclón''. Following a long exile in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Piñera returned to Cuba in 1958, months before the Cuban Revolutionary won. His work includes essays on literature and literary criticism, several collections of short stories compiled under the title of ''Cold Tales'', a great number of dramatic works, and three novels: ''La carne de René'' (Rene's Flesh), ''Presiones y Diamantes'' (Pressures and Diamonds), and ''Las pequeñas maniobras'' (Small Maneuvers). His work is seen today as a model by new generations of Cuban and Latin American writers. Some believe that his work influenced that of Reinaldo Arenas, who wrote in his memoir ''Before Night Falls'' of Piñera's time in Argentina and friendship there with Witold Gombrowicz. The magazine ''Unión'' posthumously published autobiographical writing by Piñera in which he discussed how he concluded he was gay. However, his work can not be reduced to his open discussions on homosexuality in a time when such a topic was taboo, especially in the Spanish Caribbean. Piñera's literary and cultural perspective went beyond sexuality, to express concerns on national and continental identity, philosophical approaches to theater, writing and politics. This focus drew fire from the Spanish American literary establishment of his time, including Cuban poets Cintio Vitier and Roberto Fernandez Retamar, and leaders like Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Due to Piñera's social points of view and especially to his homosexuality, he was censured by the revolution, and died without any official recognition. As more of his work has been translated into English, Piñera's work has been rediscovered by American academia as a testimony of 20th century resistance against totalitarian systems. ==Bibliography== Anderson, Thomas F. ''Everything in its Place: The Life and Works of Virgilio Piñera''. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2006. Cabrera Infante, Guillermo. ''Mea Cuba''. In Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr and Pamela Maria Smorkaloff (eds.) ''The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics.'' Duke University Press (2004). Chichester, Ana Garcia. "Virgilio Piñera and the Formulation of a National Literature." ''CR: The New Centennial Review'', 2.2 (2002): 231-251. () Jambrina, Jesús. "Virgilio Piñera: poesía, nación y diferencias". Madrid: Editorial Verbum, 2012 López Cruz, Humberto, ed. Virgilio Piñera: el artificio del miedo. Madrid: Hispano Cubana, 2012. Molinero, Rita (ed). ''Virgilio Piñera: la memoria del cuerpo''. Editorial Plaza Mayor, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2002. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Virgilio Piñera」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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